|
Raphael Lemkin (June 24, 1900 – August 28, 1959) was a Polish Jewish lawyer who emigrated to the United States in 1941. He is best known for his work against genocide, a word he coined in 1943〔Jenkins, Bruce. (2008). The Lost History of Christianity:The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia—and How It Died. (First edition). New York: HarperOne, p.140. ISBN 978-0-06-147280-0.〕 or 1944 from the rooted words ''genos'' (Greek for family, tribe, or race) and ''-cide'' (Latin for killing).〔 He first used the word in print in ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation – Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress'' (1944), and defined it as "the destruction of a nation or an ethnic group." Lemkin was the initiator of the Genocide Convention adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 as a direct result of his work. ==Early life and education== Lemkin was born Rafał Lemkin in the village of ' during a period when it was part of the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (since 1945 in Belarus). Not much is known of Lemkin's early life. He grew up in a Polish Jewish family and was one of three children born to Joseph Lemkin and Bella ''née'' Pomerantz. His father was a farmer and his mother a highly intellectual woman who was a painter, linguist, and philosophy student with a large collection of books on literature and history. After graduating from a local trade school in Białystok he began the study of linguistics at the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów (since 1945 Lviv, Ukraine). He was a polyglot, fluent in nine languages and reading fourteen.〔(Raphael Lemkin: biography by Holly A. Lukasiewicz )〕 It was there that Lemkin became interested in the concept of crime, later developing the concept of genocide based on the Armenian experience at the hands of the Ottoman Turks,〔Yair Auron. (The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide ). — Transaction Publishers, 2004. — p. 9:"''...when Raphael Lemkin coined the word genocide in 1944 he cited the 1915 annihilation of Armenians as a seminal example of genocide''"〕〔William Schabas. (Genocide in international law: the crimes of crimes ). — Cambridge University Press, 2000. — p. 25:"''Lemkin’s interest in the subject dates to his days as a student at Lvov University, when he intently followed attempts to prosecute the perpetration of the massacres of the Armenians''〕〔(A. Dirk Moses ). (Genocide and settler society: frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian history ). — Berghahn Books, 2004. — p. 21:''"Indignant that the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide had largely escaped prosecution, Lemkin, who was a young state prosecutor in Poland, began lobbying in the early 1930s for international law to criminalize the destruction of such groups."''〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Genocide Background )〕 then later the experience of Assyrians〔(Raphael Lemkin ) – EuropaWorld, 22/6/2001〕 massacred in Iraq during the 1933 Simele massacre. Lemkin then moved on to Heidelberg University in Germany to study philosophy, returned to Lviv to study law in 1926, becoming a prosecutor in Warsaw at graduation. His subsequent career as assistant prosecutor in the District Court of Brzeżany (since 1945 Berezhany, Ukraine) and Warsaw, followed by a private legal practice in Warsaw, did not divert Lemkin from elaborating rudiments of international law dealing with group exterminations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Raphael Lemkin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|